Function of the は
– wa particle
The
particle は – wa indicates the main
topic of a sentence. In English it would be similar to starting a sentence with
“as for…”. Most of the times the main topic of the sentence is identical to
what is called the subject in English.
私は先生です。
|
|
わたしはせんせいです。
|
|
Romaji
|
watashi wa sensei desu.
|
English
|
I am a teacher. (As for me, I am a teacher.)
|
Kanji
|
明日は働きます。
|
あしたははたらきます。
|
|
Romaji
|
ashita wa hatarakimasu.
|
English
|
Tomorrow I work.
|
Kanji
|
この映画は面白いです。
|
このえいがはおもしろいです。
|
|
Romaji
|
kono eiga wa omoshiroi desu.
|
English
|
That movie is interesting.
|
The
Japanese particle か
– ka
Function of the particle か – ka
This
particle か – ka is used to express
a question. In contrast to Western languages Japanese to go up with the voice
at the end of a question. A particle is therefore used to indicate a question
to one’s counterpart.
How to use the particle か – ka
The
particle か – ka is added at the end
of a sentence to change it from a statement to a question.
[sentence]
+ [か/KA]
Example sentence for the particle か – ka
Kanji
|
貴方は先生ですか？
|
あなたはせんせいですか？
|
|
Romaji
|
anata wa sensei desu ka?
|
English
|
Are you a teacher?
|
Kanji
|
あの映画は面白いですか？
|
あのえいがはおもしろいですか？
|
|
Romaji
|
ano eiga wa omoshiroi desuka?
|
English
|
Is this movie interesting?
|
The
Japanese particle が
– ga
FUNCTION OF THE が
– GA PARTICLE
The
particle が – GA indicates the
subject of a sentence when it is new information for the listener or when
subject is emphasized. The particle が
GA can also be used to express a question.
HOW TO USE THE PARTICLE が – GA
[subject
noun + [が/GA] + rest of the sentence
Example sentence – が
/ GA to introduce a new subject
Kanji
|
建物があります。
|
たてものがあります。
|
|
Romaji
|
tatemono ga arimasu.
|
English
|
There is a building.
|
Kanji
|
母が寝ています。
|
ははがねています。
|
|
Romaji
|
haha ga nete imasu.
|
English
|
Mother is sleeping.
|
Kanji
|
花が咲いています。花はきれいです。
|
はながさいています。はなはきれいです。
|
|
Romaji
|
hana ga saite imasu. hana wa kirei desu.
|
English
|
The flowers are blossoming. The flowers are beautiful.
|
In
the first sentence the flowers are a newly introduced subject and GA is used.
As the subject is not new information anymore in the second sentence WA is
used.
EXAMPLE SENTENCE – が
/ GA TO EMPHASIZE A SUBJECT
Kanji
|
この方が先生です。
|
このかたがせんせいです。
|
|
Romaji
|
kono kata ga sensei desu.
|
English
|
This person over there is the teacher.
|
Kanji
|
私が行きます。
|
わたしがいきます。
|
|
Romaji
|
watashi ga ikimasu.
|
English
|
I am the one who goes.
|
EXAMPLE SENTENCE – が
/ GA TO EXPRESS A QUESTION
Kanji
|
誰が来ましたか？
|
だれがきましたか？
|
|
Romaji
|
dare ga kimashita ka?
|
English
|
Did anybody come?
|
List of 188 Japanese particles
No
|
Particle
|
Meaning /
usage
|
1
|
Indicantes
the topic of a sentence
|
|
2
|
At the end of
a sentence indicating a question
|
|
3
|
Indicates the
subject of a sentence
|
|
4
|
Indicates a
location
|
|
5
|
Indicates
possession
|
|
6
|
は (wa)
|
Indicates a
contrast between 2 items
|
7
|
に (ni)
|
Indicates
time or frequency
|
8
|
Indicates
direction
|
|
9
|
を (wo/o)
|
Indicates the
direct object of a verb
|
10
|
と (to)
|
Used to
connect and list up multiple items
|
11
|
や (ya)
|
Used to
connect and partially list up multiple items
|
12
|
など (nado)
|
Used with や (ya) to partially list up multiple items
|
13
|
means “too”,
“either”, “also”
|
|
14
|
も (mo)
|
both…and…,
neither…nor…
|
15
|
に (ni)
|
Indicates the
indirect object of a verb
|
16
|
に (ni)
|
Indicates the
surface of a object where some action takes place
|
17
|
Indicates the
location of an action
|
|
18
|
と (to)
|
Together with
|
19
|
の (no)
|
Indicates an
apposition
|
20
|
Indicates a
starting point in time or place
|
|
21
|
Indicates a
starting point in time or place but more formal than kara (20)
|
|
22
|
Indicates a
limit on time, space or quantity
|
|
23
|
くらい (kurai)
|
Indicates an
approximate amount
|
24
|
ほど (hodo)
|
Indicates an
approximate amount
|
25
|
ばかり(bakari)
|
Indicates an
approximate amount
|
26
|
で (de)
|
Indicates a
means or material
|
27
|
か (ka)
|
Indicates a
choice or alternative
|
28
|
を (wo/o)
|
Indicates a
point of departure
|
29
|
を (wo/o)
|
Indicates a
route of a movement/motion
|
30
|
に (ni)
|
Indicates a
point of arrival
|
31
|
に (ni)
|
Indicates an
entering motion
|
32
|
に (ni)
|
Used together
with a verb to express a purpose
|
33
|
と (to)
|
Used when
quoting someone
|
34
|
と いう (to iu)
|
Indicates the
name of something
|
35
|
とか (toka)
|
“something
like”
|
36
|
で (de)
|
Indicates a
limit or scope
|
37
|
と (to)
|
Indicates a
comparison
|
38
|
より (yori)
|
Indicates a
comparison
|
39
|
より (yori)
|
Indicates
superlative
|
40
|
くらい (kurai)
|
Indicates a
comparison
|
41
|
ほど (hodo)
|
Indicates a
comparison in a negative sentence
|
42
|
か (ka)
|
someone,
something
|
43
|
も (mo)
|
“nothing”,
nobody”, nowhere” if used with an interrogative word
|
44
|
に (ni)
|
Used with a
verb to indicate a change or choice
|
45
|
をする (wo/o suru)
|
Expresses an
occupation or position
|
46
|
でも (demo)
|
Indicates
emphasis
|
47
|
でも (demo)
|
Together with
an interrogative word it means “anything”, “anyone”, any time”
|
48
|
で (de)
|
Indicates a
cause or a reason
|
49
|
から (kara)
|
Indicates a
source such as a giver, a cause or material
|
50
|
に (ni)
|
Indicates a
person who gives something or who provides a service
|
51
|
は (wa) + が (ga)
|
Indicates the
relation between an object / subjects and a verb or adjective
|
52
|
が (ga)
|
Connects two
sentences with the meaning “but…”
|
53
|
を (wo/o)
|
Used with an
verb expressing emotions, it indicates the cause of this emotion
|
54
|
で (de)
|
Indicates a
state / condition of something
|
55
|
で (de)
|
Limits numbers
|
56
|
だけ (dake)
|
Indicates a
limit on things or amounts
|
57
|
だけ (dake)
|
Indicates a
limit on an action or state
|
58
|
で (de)
|
Indicates the
time of completion or expiration of something
|
59
|
でも (demo)
|
Following a
noun, means “or something like this”
|
60
|
も (mo)
|
Emphasizes in
a positive or negative way
|
61
|
でも (demo)
|
Indicates two
or more items as an example of a larger list
|
62
|
ばかり (bakari)
|
Indicates
that an item, state or action is a single one
|
63
|
ばかり (bakari)
|
Indicates an
action was just completed
|
64
|
ところ (tokoro)
|
Indicates
that an action takes place, just took place or is about to take place
|
65
|
が (ga)
|
Indicates the
subject of subordinate clause when it is different from the subject of the
main clause
|
66
|
から (kara)
|
conjunction
meaning “after” or “since”
|
67
|
ながら (nagara)
|
Indicates
that an action is happening simultaneously
|
68
|
が (ga)
|
Indicates the
subject of a relative clause
|
69
|
の (no)
|
Indicates the
subject of a relative clause
|
70
|
から (kara)
|
Used as a
conjunction and indicates a cause or reason
|
71
|
ので (node)
|
Indicates a
strong reason
|
72
|
の (no)
|
Indicates a
modified pronoun
|
73
|
の (no)
|
Used to
nominalize verbs & sentences
|
74
|
なら (nara)
|
Used as a
conjunction and indicates a supposition or condition
|
75
|
なら (nara)
|
Indicates a
topics and is used as an alternative to wa (No.1)
|
76
|
と (to)
|
Indicates a
condition that results in an inevitable outcome
|
77
|
ば (ba)
|
Used as a
conjunction to express a probable results
|
78
|
ばいい (ba)
|
“all you have
to do…”
|
79
|
ば (ba)
|
Used to
enumerate two or more actions or states
|
80
|
たら (tara)
|
Used as a
conjunction, indicates a supposition or condition
|
81
|
たら (tara)
|
Used as a
conjunction to indicate that one action takes place before the action
described in the main sentence
|
82
|
ところ (tokoro)
|
Used as a
conjunction to indicate a condition that brings about a discovery
|
83
|
ても (temo)
|
a conjunction
meaning “even if”
|
84
|
ても (temo)
|
Used with a
set of contrasting verbs and adjectives
|
85
|
ても (temo)
|
Together with
an interrogative word it means “no matter what/where/who”
|
86
|
ては (tewa)
|
Indicates a
condition which will bring a negative conclusion
|
87
|
のみ (nomi)
|
Indicates a
limit (similar to だけ dake)
|
88
|
まで (made)
|
“even”, used
to emphasize
|
89
|
さえ (sae)
|
“even”, used
to emphasize
|
90
|
さえ (sae)
|
“if only” or
“as long as”
|
91
|
のに (noni)
|
“although”,
“in spite of the fact that”
|
92
|
ながら (nagara)
|
“although”,
“though”, “but”
|
93
|
とか (toka)
|
Indicates
that a list of two ore more things or actions is not exhaustive
|
94
|
たり (tari)
|
List of two
or more actions in no particular sequence
|
95
|
たり (tari)
|
Indicates
actions or states that alternate
|
96
|
のに (noni)
|
Indicates a
purpose or function
|
97
|
のです (no desu)
|
Asks for an
explanation or reason
|
98
|
きり (kiri)
|
Indicates a
limit to an amount
|
99
|
きり (kiri)
|
Indicates the
last time a certain incident occured
|
100
|
とも (tomo)
|
Used with
numbers and counters to mean “both” or “all”
|
101
|
ながら (nagara)
|
Used with
numbers and counters to mean “both” or “all”
|
102
|
しか (shika)
|
Used with a
negative verb to indicate limits on conditions or quantities meaning “only”
|
103
|
しかない (shika nai)
|
used with a
verb meaning “to have no choice but to”
|
104
|
し (shi)
|
Used as a
conjunction, indicating two or more actions or states
|
105
|
し (shi)
|
Used as a
conjunction indicating a reason
|
106
|
とも (tomo)
|
Indicates
inclusion
|
107
|
に (ni)
|
Indicates the
one acting or the one acted upon
|
108
|
か (ka)
|
Indicates
uncertainty about something
|
109
|
か (ka)
|
Indicates
uncertainty about a state or reason
|
110
|
だの (dano)
|
Indicates
two or more items or actions of a longer list (similar to toka とか)
|
111
|
だの (dano)
|
Indicates a
pair of opposite actions or states
|
112
|
など (nado)
|
“something to
the effect”
|
113
|
やら (yara)
|
Indicates two
or more items of a longer list
|
114
|
やら (yara)
|
Indicates
uncertainty
|
115
|
ても (temo)
|
Indicates an
approximate limit with the meaning of “at the most”
|
116
|
とも (tomo)
|
Indicates an
approximate maximum or minimum
|
117
|
は (wa)
|
Indicates
that a number is the higher or lowest limit
|
118
|
と (to)
|
Emphasizes a
number in a negative sentence
|
119
|
など (nado)
|
Indicates
examples
|
120
|
くらい (kurai)
|
Expresses an
extent of an action or condition similar to ぐらい gurai
|
121
|
ほど (hodo)
|
Indicates the
extend of an action or condition
|
122
|
ほど (hodo)
|
“the more…
the more…”
|
123
|
だけ (dake)
|
“as… as…”
|
124
|
だけ (dake)
|
“the more…
the more…”
|
125
|
と (to)
|
“about to do
something”, “trying to do something”
|
126
|
と (to)
|
“even if…”,
“whether… or not”
|
127
|
なり (nari)
|
“either…”,
“whether…or”
|
128
|
なり (nari)
|
“anything”,
“anyone”, “any time”
|
129
|
こそ (koso)
|
Emphasizes
the word preceding it
|
130
|
こそ (koso)
|
Emphasizes a
reason or a cause
|
131
|
ては (tewa)
|
Expresses
repetition of an action
|
132
|
に (ni)
|
Joins two or
more nouns to indicate a list of items
|
133
|
に (ni)
|
Connects two
or more items to indicate a matching or a contrast
|
134
|
にしては (ni shite wa)
|
Indicates a
generally agreed upon standard
|
135
|
にとって (ni totte)
|
Indicates an
effect or value of a person or thing
|
136
|
について (ni tsuite)
|
“about”,
“concerning” something or someone
|
137
|
とも…とも (tomo… tomo)
|
“can’t say
whether… or…”
|
138
|
が (ga)
|
“even if”,
“whether… or not”
|
139
|
は (wa)
|
Emphasizes
contrasting elements
|
140
|
として (toshite)
|
Indicates
status, capacity or function
|
141
|
として (toshite)
|
Provides
emphasis in a negative sentence
|
142
|
ばかりでなく(bakari de naku)
|
“not only…
but also”
|
143
|
だけ (dake)
|
used to
express “not only…but also”
|
144
|
のみ (nomi)
|
used to
express “not only…but also”
|
145
|
なり (nari)
|
“as soon as”
|
146
|
がはやいか (ga hayai ka)
|
“as soon as”
|
147
|
やいなや (ya ina ya)
|
“as soon as”
|
148
|
かないうちに (ka nai uchi ni)
|
“no sooner
had”, “hardly had”
|
149
|
ばかり (bakari)
|
Indicates the
only action left to do
|
150
|
ばかりに (bakari ni)
|
Emphasizes a
reason or cause
|
151
|
すら (sura)
|
Emphasizes in
the meaning of “even”
|
152
|
など (nado)
|
Expresses a
humble attitude towards an item
|
153
|
とも (tomo)
|
“no matter
what”, “even if”
|
154
|
ともあろうひと (tomo aroo hito)
|
To express
that someone did something not to be expected
|
155
|
どころか (dokoro ka)
|
“far from”,
“not to mention”
|
156
|
だけに (dake ni)
|
Indicates a
cause or reason
|
157
|
までもない (made mo nai)
|
“there is no
need to…”
|
158
|
ものの (mono no)
|
“but” or
“although”
|
159
|
ところで (tokoro de)
|
“even if”
|
160
|
けれども (keredomo)
|
Connects 2
sentences meaning “but” or “although”
|
161
|
けれども (keredomo)
|
Indicates a
preliminary remark
|
162
|
が (ga)
|
Used to
soften a statement or refusal
|
163
|
けれども (keredomo)
|
Indicates a
desire
|
164
|
ね (ne)
|
At the end of
a sentence to confirm a statement
|
165
|
ね (ne)
|
At the end of
a sentence to soften a request or suggestion
|
166
|
ね (ne)
|
At the end of
a sentence to indicate a reason or cause
|
167
|
ねえ (nee)
|
At the end of
a sentence to indicate emotion
|
168
|
よ (yo)
|
At the end of
a sentence to state a strong conviction
|
169
|
よ (yo)
|
At the end of
a sentence to articulate a request or suggestion
|
170
|
かしら (kashira)
|
At the end of
a sentence to express uncertainty, a request or a question and mainly used by
women
|
171
|
かな (kana)
|
At the end of
a sentence to express uncertainty, a request or a question and mainly used by
men
|
172
|
な (na)
|
At the end of
a sentence and used by men to confirm a statement
|
173
|
な (na)
|
At the end of
a sentence to express a prohibition, used by men
|
174
|
なあ (naa)
|
At the end of
a sentence to express emotion, used by men
|
175
|
なあ (naa)
|
At the end of
a sentence to express a desire
|
176
|
の (no)
|
At the end of
a sentence to express a question or soften a command, used by women
|
177
|
わ (wa)
|
At the end of
a sentence to soften a statement, used by women
|
178
|
さ (sa)
|
At the end of
a sentence to indicate slight emphasis, used by men
|
179
|
こと (koto)
|
At the end of
a sentence to indicate emotion, used by women
|
180
|
こと (koto)
|
At the end of
a sentence to express a suggestion or invitation, used by women
|
181
|
もの (mono)
|
At the end of
a sentence to express a reason or excuse
|
182
|
とも (tomo)
|
At the end of
a sentence to express an assertion
|
183
|
ものか (monoka)
|
At the end of
a sentence to express a negative determination, used by men
|
184
|
や (ya)
|
At the end of
a sentence to soften a statement, request or suggestion, used by men
|
185
|
たら (tara)
|
At the end of
a sentence to indicate a suggestion or proposal
|
186
|
やら (yara)
|
At the end of
a sentence to indicate a rhetorical question with a negative implication
|
187
|
ぜ (ze)
|
At the end of
a sentence to add for to sentence, used by men
|
188
|
ぞ (zo)
|
At the end of
a sentence to add force to a sentence or to express a question to oneself
|
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